Locational Analysis in the Provision of Educational Amenities in twin cities of Srinagar and Jammu, J& K, India

 

 

ABSTRACT:

Urban amenities comprise the infrastructure, goods and services that are collectively needed for the urban society. These are central to urban society without which urban society cannot emerge and sustain. The paper examined inequality in the distribution of urban amenities in Srinagar and Jammu cities which is manifested in the form of unequal provision of educational amenities within the wards (municipal units) of these cities. The spatial distribution and concentration of educational institutions was studied. The location quotient technique has been used to determine the spatial concentration pattern in the provision of this vital amenity. However, Lorenz Curve and Gini’s coefficient proved to be a useful tool in accessing and quantifying the spatial disparity. The results of the analysis indicate that inequalities exist in the provision of accessibility of this amenity and there is complete disparity in the distribution of educational institutions across the spatial landscape of the cities. The reasons for the uneven distribution of urban amenities are spurt urban growth in the last three decades and poor management planning. The paper suggests that planning body must keep pace with the urban sprawl in order to ensure the equitable distribution of urban amenities in the city.

 

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

Geographical and political research on urban service delivery has been proliferated during the past two decades (Davies, 1968; Hay, 1995; Pinch, 1984; Smith, 1994). Some scholars have investigated the factors which account for higher levels of service in certain neighborhoods (Cingranelli, 1981; Mladenka, 1989), and focused in particular on the role of distributive politics (Miranda and Tunyavong, 1994). Others have examined patterns of accessibility to certain services and the geographic relationship between service deprivation and area deprivation (Knox, 1978; Pacione, 1989). Until recently, this was predominantly explained by the notion of unpatterned inequality (Cingranelli, 1981; Mladenka, 1980; Mladenka and Hill, 1977). Human development is based on the extent to which man can satisfy the basic needs such as food, clothing and shelter. In order to fulfill these and other needs, man requires access to certain facilities such as market, housing, water supply, electricity and adequate transportation (Adekunle et al, 2011).

The access to basic amenities like electricity, drinking water, toilet facility, sanitation, health care facilities and solid waste management are critical determinants of urban quality of life (Bhagat, 2010). Though these infrastructures form an important and integral part of life of any community, either rural or urban but they are unequally distributed over space. Inequalities exist between spatial units as they do between individuals (Anderson and Pomfret, 2004; Henderson, Shalizi and Venables, 2001; Kanbur and Venables, 2005). Many empirical findings have shown that facilities are unequally distributed in our communities such that the vast majority of the people are caught in a never ending struggle to gain access to these infrastructures in order to improve their quality of life (Eyles, 1996; Oyerinde, 2006). West and Wong (1995) discussed fiscal decentralization and increasing regional disparities in education and health status in China. The spatial structure of cities in developing countries is highly variegated. In some areas, amenities are adequately provided while in others, there is inadequate arrangement (Pred, 1977). 

 

Inequalities in access to social infrastructures may be as a result of inefficiency in the distribution and allocation of facilities between areas or as a result of social barriers like ethnicity, religion or status which may directly limit certain groups from having access to public facilities (Stevenson, 2004). The spatial variations in availability and access to infrastructure result in spatial disparity in living standards both within and between regions and localities (Madu, 2007). The essence of urban planning is to provide adequate and equitable services to all groups. They have influence and impact on regional patterns of development, environmental impacts, and on maintaining socially acceptable levels of quality of life (Murray et al. 1988). Knowledge of the nature and pattern of distribution of existing facilities in any region is needed before we make any attempt to project and plan their future development.  Srinagar and Jammu cities, nestled in the western Himalayas are famous for their tourist attractions and in fact the cities have very fragile ecosystem. The cities have received spurt urban growth in the last thirty years which put tremendous pressure on the social amenities of the cities. The planning body of the cities failed to keep pace with the urban sprawl of the city, thus leading to uneven distribution of civic amenities in the cities (Master Plan, 2012).

 

1.2 OBJECTIVES:

•     To analyze the spatial distributional pattern and disparity of educational institutions in twin cities of Jammu and Kashmir

•     To identify the over served and underserved wards (administrative units) for future planning of these amenities in these cities. 

 

1.3 DATA BASE AND METHODOLOGY:

The Survey of India toposheets (1971) on scale 1:50000 were used in the present study to generate base map. The data on selected urban amenities has been gathered from various public and private departments.  Arc GIS 9.3 software has been used for mapping purpose.

 

Methodology Adopted:

Step I: The data collected from different sources has been treated statistically and for the determination of spatial variation, Location Quotient has been used. The important property of location quotient is that it gives standardized scores which are more appropriate and bias less (Oyebanji, 1986). The mathematical formula for calculating Location Quotient is given below; 

 

L.Q =

Where

ni = Number of amenity ‘i’ in a given ward, p = Population of the concerned ward

Ni = Number of amenity ‘i’ in Srinagar/Jammu city, P = Total Population of Srinagar/Jammu city

 

Step II: Lorenz Curve:

In order to have an idea about the degree of spatial disparity with respect to various public amenities, a special type of cumulative frequency graph, known as Lorenz Curve commonly used for measuring inequality in income has been used. The Lorenz curve shows the actual quantitative relationship between the percentage of income recipients and the percentage of total income they receive. In the present study percentage of an amenity instead of income and percentage of population belonging to a group of wards instead of income recipients has been taken in order to gauge the magnitude of inequality in the provision of different amenities.

 

Step III: Gini’s Coefficient:

Using the Lorenz Curve, an index of inequality known as Gini’s coefficient has been calculated for each selected amenity. Gini coefficients are aggregate inequality measures and can vary anywhere from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (perfect inequality). The Gini coefficient (or "Gini index" or "Gini ratio") G is calculated from the Lorenz curve as the ratio,

 

G = Area A/ (Area A + Area B) 

Note that (Area A + Area B) is the area of a triangle, given by 100×100/2=5000 (See Fig. 1.1)

 

1.4 STUDY AREA:

Srinagar city is located between 33º53´ - 34º17´ N and 74º36´ - 75º01´E (Hussain, 2006). It is situated at an altitude of 5200 feet above the mean sea level. The total area of the city at present is 278.1km² excluding cantonment area under defence use (Bhat, 2008). Srinagar city is divided into sixty eight municipal wards with the total population of 1147617 persons (Census, 2011). Jammu city is located at 74⁰ 24' and 75⁰ 18' East longitude and 32⁰ 50' and 33⁰ 30' North latitude at an elevation of 1,030 feet above the sea level. The city has 79.56 Km² area. The total population of Jammu city is 502125 in its 71 municipal wards (Census, 2011). It is located on the National Highway–1A. Due to its locational advantage, Jammu has assumed importance as a transit place as it is located at the vertex of linkage corridors to Rajouri, Poonch, Kishtwar, Doda and serves as the gateway to Kashmir Valley, Ladakh (Master Plan, 2000-2021). 

 

1.5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

1.5.1 Spatial Variation:

Proper and even distribution of educational institutions is vital for the development of any region as it is intimately related to the nature and welfare of better human resource. Spatial variation refers to the variation of different phenomena’s across the landscape. Spatial variation is most commonly used in geographical research to investigate the variation of different physical and socio-economic phenomena over the space. The spatial locational analysis of urban amenities holds an important place in the formulation of locational planning strategy and development of urban amenities in any geographical region. This type of analysis serves as a vital input for planning the establishment of these amenities. The spatial variation in availability and access to infrastructures result in spatial disparities in living standards both within and between regions and localities (Madu, 2007). Access to infrastructure inspires life and well-being (Oyebanji, 1978). Provision of such amenities discourages rural-urban migration which means that these amenities have to be provided to both urban and rural communities (Mabogunje, 1997). The present study focused to analyze the spatial distributional pattern of selected amenities provided by the government to the city inmates.

 

The results of the study indicate that there is uneven distribution of educational institutions across the wards of the cities. The educational institutions have been classified into the various categories as per their standard and number. The ward wise distribution of these amenities is presented in figures 1.2 and 1.3 respectively. The analysis of the figures reveal that in context of educational institution services of Srinagar city, ward Harwan has maximum number of schools (23) followed by Nishat (22), Palpora (21) and Dara (21), while as three wards in the city posses’ no school at all. Similarly, in case of higher secondary schools, Lalchowk leads the hierarchy with three higher secondary schools, followed by Khanyar, and Soura. On contrary, forty-eight wards in the city have no higher secondary institution and rest of the wards posses’ one each. There are nine-degree colleges in the city amongst which three are located in Lalchowk and six are located in six wards namely Jawahar Nagar, Nundreshi colony, Malik Angan, Safakadal, Tarabal and Jogilangar. Similarly, in Jammu city Rajpura mangotri has maximum number of schools (08) followed by Janipur North and Rehari colony south (06 each), while as wards Mast garh, Dogra hall, Talab tillo etc. posses’ no school at all. Similarly, in case of higher secondary schools, Rajpura mangotri and Talab-Khatikan lead the hierarchy with three higher secondary schools each, followed by Ganhinagar South, Gole, Diangana have two higher secondary’s each. On contrary, forty-five wards in the city have no higher secondary institution and rest of the wards posses’ one each. There are nine-degree colleges in the city amongst which four are located in Krishna Nagar and Diangana wards and six are located in six wards namely Gandhi Nagar North, Gandhi Nagar South, Bahu west, Sainik colony-II and Talab Tillo North. 

 

The other Himalayan urban centers reveal the same story. For example, in case of Shimla city, the famous tourist destination and capital of Himachal Pradesh, the data pertaining to educational amenities reveal that spatial disparity exist in the different blocks of the city. Mashobra block leads in the matter of educational institutions of different categories in relation to its geographical area. Even Narkanda, Rohru and Jubbal-Kotkhai development blocks have a fairly high number of primary, middle and high schools. Rohru block has even more senior secondary schools and colleges in relation to its geographical area (Table 1.1). As noted in the preceding sections, Chhohara development block is perhaps the most lagging area of Shimla city in the matter of educational attainments. From the cross comparison of Srinagar, Jammu and Shimla cities, it is evident that Jammu city has maximum number of schools, senior secondary schools and colleges per unit geographical area than Srinagar and Shimla (Table 1.2). Thus, Jammu city has leading position in the provision of educational amenities followed by Srinagar and Shimla. However, the spatial concentration of colleges is more in case of Srinagar city than Jammu and Shimla which hints at decentralizing the establishment of new colleges from the core of city to its peripheries. The Jammu city has comparatively better position than Srinagar in the provision of colleges across its spatial landscape. Shimla city though has lower number of all educational amenities but the spatial concentration is low which implies even spread of amenities across its geographical space. Comparing these Himalayan cities with Delhi metropolitan city, it is clear that Delhi has more educational institutions of all types and has in fact a lead in the comparatively equitable provision of educational amenities among the cities of India. This is because of higher accessibility and plain topography as remoteness is a primary cause of spatial disparities in all forms of development as investments in infrastructure development is heavy in remote and hilly areas (Junjie, 2008). Moreover, the spatial distribution of population and settlements across a country and their interconnectivity and accessibility from urban areas are important for delivering healthcare, distributing resources and economic development (Linard, 2010). Rough terrain significantly increases the costs of constructing and maintaining transport infrastructure in mountain areas. In Europe, the mountain municipalities except for those in the Alps and northern Italy generally have relatively poor access from an airport. With regard to other services e.g., medical, education – lack of easy physical access is often compounded by the fact that populations are small and spread over relatively large areas. Consequently, mountain people often have to travel far to gain access to such services, especially at higher levels. Lack of access to higher education has long been identified as a critical constraint to development (EC, 2004; Zhelezov, 2014).  Since,  Himalayan cities have rugged topography which results in more spatial concentration than Delhi which is located on great northern plains of India, therefore the spatial concentration of all civic amenities in general and educational amenities in particular is low and the pattern is more or less tending to even distribution in Delhi.  The Shimla city is lagging behind because it has low population, more area which results in lower value of educational amenities per unit of geographical area. The Himalayan cities depict low level of educational amenity status than NCT Delhi because these hilly states have scattered population with comparatively low density, thus having low population threshold which is a hindrance in the establishment and provision of amenities. The understanding of spatial pattern of human settlements and their geographical associations are of vital importance in determining the culture and lifestyle of people (Zhang, 2014). Moreover, the high altitude or rugged topography is also a problem in locating a tertiary educational amenity like college which is presented in the figure 1.4 and 1.5. The figures depict that at high altitudes, it is difficult to establish and maintain the amenities because of inaccessibility and higher costs of building and maintenance. From the inter-ward comparison of Jammu city, since the eastern and northeastern area is hilly and rugged, therefore have low amenity establishments in general and higher order educational amenities in particular. In context of Srinagar city, same phenomenon is evident as the northeastern wards lying along the Zabarwan foot hills are deficient in amenities of different orders. Moreover, Srinagar city is located on flood plains of Jhelum river, therefore does not show much altitude variation across its spatial landscape. However, Jammu and Shimla cities have more altitude variation across their spatial landscapes. Shimla city is situated at an average altitude of 2100 meters above sea level with several flanking spurs and rugged peaks (Shimla Heritage Report, 2012); therefore establishment of higher order educational services in these rugged areas is a tough task. The impact of rugged topography or altitude on delivery of different services has been studied earlier. For example, For the delimitation of mountain municipalities in European Union, the analysis of social, economic and environmental factors based on altitude, topography and climate is necessary (Aalbu, 2005). Similarly, the Survey conducted by rural development council in Thali, Kelamangalam Panchayat, Tamil Nadu reveals that 18 tribal villages out of 24 situated in hills and its periphery are deprived of basic amenities of educational, medical and transport facilities/amenities only because of their rugged topography and inaccessibility (Denkanjkottai, 2012).

 

1.5.2 Spatial Concentration of Educational Amenities:    

The knowledge and understanding of the degree of spatial concentration in the provision of the amenities in the cities is preliminary for the identification of underserved wards and thus this type of study is vital input for the planning and management of the amenities in future. The location quotient has been used to analyze the degree of spatial variation in the distribution of social amenities in Srinagar City. Location quotient has been used extensively in geographic research (see Johnston, 1980; Oyebanji, 1986). Table 1.3 and 1.4 show the location quotient values on spatial pattern of educational amenities in Srinagar and Jammu cities. The location quotient values of amenities have been divided into various groups to determine the relative concentration of amenities across the wards (see Fig. 1.4 to 1.9).

 

 

 

The figure 1.4 reveals that in case of Srinagar city, four wards in the city namely Nishat, Harwan, Palpora and Dara have high concentration of schools, followed by eleven wards which posses’ medium concentration. Twenty-eight wards have low concentration, and remaining twenty five wards are disadvantaged in context of this amenity. Similarly figure 1.5 reveals that in case of Jammu city, the wards Janipur North, Rehari colony, Jullaki Mohalla, Talab-Khatikan, Gujjar Nagar etc. have high concentration of schools, while as Channi Himmat, Paloura top, Janipura west posses’ average concentration and forty-four wards reflect below average concentration. From the figure 1.6, it is evident that only one ward in the Srinagar city namely Lalchowk posses’ high concentration of higher secondary schools, followed by two wards (Soura, Aqil-Mir Khanyar) which posses’ medium concentration of these institutions. Sixteen wards have low concentration, and remaining forty-nine wards are very poorly served in context of this amenity. Similarly figure 1.7 reveals that in Jammu city, Talab-Khatikan, Rajpura Mangotri, Bakshi Nagar wards show high concentration followed by medium concentration wards namely Poonch house, Nanak Nagar etc. Forty-four wards depict below average concentration. The Fig. 1.8 reveals that only one ward (Lalchowk) in the Srinagar city posses’ maximum concentration of colleges (three out of nine), followed by six wards which have medium concentration and remaining sixty-one wards in the city have no college. Likewise figure 1.9 reveals that in Jammu city, Krishna Nagar, Bahu west and Diagana have high concentration followed by Gandhi Nagar North, Gandhi Nagar South, Talab Tillo which have medium concentration. The remaining wards show below average concentration and in fact do not posses’ any college.

 

1.5.3 Spatial Disparity:    

The spatial locational pattern analysis carried out in the preceding paras has revealed that the level of concentration with respect to the educational amenities vary significantly across different wards of the twin cities of J&K state. This imbalance in spatial concentration has led to several degrees of spatial disparity of this amenity. In order to have an idea about the degree of spatial disparity with respect to the selected amenity, Lorenz Curve commonly used for measuring inequality in income has been used to work out the Gini’s Coefficient which quantifies the inequality in the distribution of the amenities (table 1.5). The degree of spatial disparity with respect to the selected amenity in the twin cities is thus quite significant. Regarding Srinagar city, the degree of spatial disparity is highest for Colleges followed by higher secondary schools and schools; while as in Jammu city, the colleges show much spatial disparity than Srinagar but comparatively the spatial disparity is low in case of schools.

 

1.5.4 Comparison of Population Threshold of Educational Amenities in twin cities with UDPFI standards:

Population threshold may be defined as the number of people required supporting a public facility. There are various methods for the determination of population thresholds for public facilities. In the current study we used the population thresholds of selected services in these cities given by Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation (UDPFI) (Table 1.6) and then we correlated it with the existing thresholds of the selected facilities in the cities under study. The existing threshold for each public facility was determined by dividing the total population of cities by the total number of each facility (Table 1.7).

 

Table 1.1: Spatial concentration of educational amenities in Shimla city, Himachal Pradesh, India

S. No.	Development Block	No. of Schools per 100 sq. km. of area				Arts and Science Colleges
		Primary	Middle	High	Senior Secondary
1	Mashobra	59	12	6	4	0.90
2	Basantpur	36	6	4	2	0.35
3	Theog	41	8	4	2	0.21
4	Narkanda	42	10	3	3
5	Rampur	30	6	2	2	0.11
6	Jubbal & Kotkha	44	10	5	2	0.22
7	Chhohara	26	4	2	1
8	Rohru	44	10	4	4	0.33
9	Chopal	41	7	3	1	0.17

 

 Table 1.2: Spatial concentration of educational amenities in Himalayan cities

 

 

TABLE 1.3: LOCATION QUOTIENT OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF SRINAGAR CITY

Ward Names	Population	No. of Schools	No. of HSS	No. of Colleges	L.Q Colleges	L. Q. HSS	L.Q. Schools
Harwan	27884	23	1	0	0	1.7	2.06
Nishat	19795	22	1	0	0	2.4	2.78
Dalgate	16582	14	1	0	0	2.9	2.11
Lalchowk	9919	5	3	3	38.57	14.5	1.26
Rajbagh	10142	5	0	0	0	0	1.23
Jawahar Nagar	14807	3	1	1	8.61	3.2	0.51
Wazir Bagh	3084	3	0	0	0	0	2.43
Mehjoor Nagar	25294	6	0	0	0	0	0.59
Natipora	14372	12	0	0	0	0	2.09
Channapora	21779	5	1	0	0	2.2	0.57
Bhagat Barzulla	29937	15	0	0	0	0	1.25
Rawalpora	13727	6	0	0	0	0	1.09
Sheikh Dawud Colny	9830	1	0	0	0	0	0.25
Batamaloo	15732	2	0	0	0	0	0.32
Aloochi Bagh	16824	1	0	0	0	0	0.15
Magarmal Bagh	7456	5	0	0	0	0	1.68
Nundreshi Colony	11819	3	1	1	10.79	4	0.63
Qamarwari	8830	5	0	0	0	0	1.42
Parimpora	17022	11	0	0	0	0	1.62
Zainakot	21065	6	0	0	0	0	0.71
Bemina East	14143	4	0	0	0	0	0.71
Bemina West	26590	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shaheed Gunj	9375	3	0	0	0	0	0.8
Karan Nagar	11120	10	1	0	0	4.3	2.25
Chattabal	17152	1	0	0	0	0	0.15
Syed Ali Akbar	16229	3	0	0	0	0	0.46
Nawab Bazar	14469	8	0	0	0	0	1.38
Islamyarbal	11494	4	1	0	0	4.2	0.87
Aali Kadal	8765	2	0	0	0	0	0.57
Ganpathyar	13132	2	0	0	0	0	0.38
Malik Aangan	15622	0	0	1	8.16	0	0
Barbarshas	20527	5	0	0	0	0	0.61
Khankhai Mohalla	15724	2	0	0	0	0	0.32
S.R.Gunj	18121	3	0	0	0	0	0.41
Aqil-Mir Khanyar	18043	3	2	0	0	5.3	0.42
Khawja Bazar	17429	6	0	0	0	0	0.86
Safakadal	19907	8	1	1	6.41	2.4	1
Idd Gah	26564	7	0	0	0	0	0.66
Tarabal	9168	2	1	1	13.9	5.2	0.55
Jogilangar	21949	5	0	1	5.81	0	0.57
Zind Shah sahab	12421	1	0	0	0	0	0.2
Hassanabad	17286	9	0	0	0	0	1.3
Jamia Masjid	8215	3	0	0	0	0	0.91
Mukhdoom Sahab	18755	4	0	0	0	0	0.53
Kawdara	23141	7	1	0	0	2.1	0.76
Zadibal	15128	6	1	0	0	3.2	0.99
Madin Sahab	13155	6	1	0	0	3.6	1.14
Nowshera	11441	9	0	0	0	0	1.97
Zoonimar	15401	9	0	0	0	0	1.46
Lal Bazar	22140	7	0	0	0	0	0.79
Umer Conony	26754	9	0	0	0	0	0.84
Soura	11629	6	2	0	0	8.2	1.29
Buchpora	23119	13	0	0	0	0	1.41
Ahmad Nagar	30511	4	0	0	0	0	0.33
Zakura	11114	3	0	0	0	0	0.67
Hazratbal	17218	7	1	0	0	2.8	1.02
Teal bal	17369	14	0	0	0	0	2.02
Bud dal	13233	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lokut Dal	19985	4	0	0	0	0	0.5
Dara	23943	21	0	0	0	0	2.19
Alesteng	18928	12	0	0	0	0	1.59
Palpora	26160	21	1	0	0	1.8	2.01
Maloora	21374	5	0	0	0	0	0.58
Laweypora	12419	2	1	0	0	3.9	0.4
Khumani Chowk	25194	13	0	0	0	0	1.29
Humhama	18929	7	0	0	0	0	0.92
Pandrathen	17324	17	0	0	0	0	2.45
Khanmoh	13908	9	1	0	0	3.4	1.62

 

TABLE 1.4: LOCATION QUOTIENT OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF JAMMU CITY

Ward Names	Population	No. of Schools	No. of HSS	No. of Colleges	L.Q Colleges	L. Q. HSS	L.Q. Schools
Uninhabited	0	0	0	0
Panjthirthi	6207	2	1	0	0	2	1
Jullaka Mohalla	5888	4	0	0	0	0	3
Mast garh	7517	0	1	0	0	2	0
Bhabarian	3734	1	0	0	0	0	1
Talab-Khatikan	4392	3	3	0	0	10	3
Gujjar_Nagar	4416	4	1	0	0	3	3
Kanji House	7538	3	0	0	0	0	1
Dogra Hall	9428	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohalla Ustad Ol	7101	0	0	0	0	0	0
Pacca danga	6750	2	1	0	0	2	1
Mohalla Malhotri	2072	1	0	0	0	0	2
Krishna Nagar	6025	3	1	2	19	2	2
Resham ghar Colo	7750	5	1	0	0	2	2
Bagwati nagar	5165	1	1	0	0	3	1
Partap Garh	4293	2	1	0	0	3	2
New Plot	9974	1	1	0	0	1	0
Amphalla	3851	3	1	0	0	4	3
Sarwal	8109	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chand nagar	8227	1	0	0	0	0	0
Gandhi Nagar North	8773	1	1	1	6	2	0
Gandhi Nagar south	7145	2	2	1	8	4	1
Shastri Nagar	5391	1	0	0	0	0	1
Nai Basti	10319	2	0	0	0	0	1
Rehari Colony North	6153	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rehari Colony South	4561	6	0	0	0	0	5
Subash Nagar	8628	1	0	0	0	0	0
Bakshi Nagar	6044	2	2	0	0	5	1
Gurah-Bakshi Nagar	7359	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rajpura Mangotri	8717	8	3	0	0	5	3
Talab Tillo North	6499	1	1	1	9	2	1
Tallab Tillo South	8529	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gole	11202	1	2	0	0	3	0
Shiv Nagar	7470	2	0	0	0	0	1
Janipora North	4653	6	0	0	0	0	5
Janipora South	4042	2	0	0	0	0	2
Janipora Central	6788	2	0	0	0	0	1
Janipora West	13899	2	1	0	0	1	1
Paloura	6653	5	0	0	0	0	3
Top-Sherkahania	8226	2	0	0	0	0	1
Poonch House	11067	3	1	0	0	1	1
Bohri	8229	1	0	0	0	0	0
Nanak Nagar West	6511	2	0	0	0	0	1
Nanak Nagar East	7559	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nanak nagar North	10244	0	1	0	0	1	0
Digiana	11837	1	2	0	0	2	0
Sanjay Nagar	8265	3	0	0	0	0	1
Bahu east	11008	1	1	0	0	1	0
Bahu West	4593	3	1	1	12	3	2
Narwal/Bala Chan	3824	3	0	0	0	0	3
Channi Himmat	8151	2	1	0	0	2	1
Channi Himmat/Th	3388	1	0	0	0	0	1
Channi Biza	8262	2	0	0	0	0	1
Trikuta Nagar	7062	3	0	0	0	0	2
Channi rama /tri	3684	1	0	0	0	0	1
Deeli	6952	1	0	0	0	0	1
Gangyal -I	7298	3	0	0	0	0	2
Gangyal-II	6533	2	0	0	0	0	1
Digiana	7393	0	0	2	15	0	0
Palour Top	7766	2	0	0	0	0	1
Palour centre	5189	0	0	0	0	0	0
Patta Paloura	10676	2	0	0	0	0	1
Keran-I	6863	1	1	0	0	2	1
Keran_II	5291	1	0	0	0	0	1
Chak Changarwan	11097	0	0	0	0	0	0
Barnai/Upper Dha	9753	3	0	0	0	0	1
Upper Muthi	11029	2	0	0	0	0	1
Lower Muthi	8012	4	0	0	0	0	2
Greater Kailash	3943	2	0	0	0	0	2
Sainik Colony -I	3757	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sainik Colony-II	4042	1	1	1	14	4	1

 

Thus, from comparison it is quite clear that Srinagar city is facing shortage of almost all types of educational Institutions. Though in Srinagar city all types of educational amenities are provided to people but the problem is either they are concentrated in only few wards or they are inadequate. Similarly, in Jammu city, though the colleges are adequate in number but their location is not balancing the demand of the population. The Srinagar city needs 82 schools, 25 higher secondary schools and one college. Similarly, Jammu city is in need of 95 schools and needs no additional higher secondary school or college. The Planning body does not keep pace with the urban sprawl of the city which results in the deficiency of amenities especially in the wards falling on the peripheries of the city.

 

Table 1.5: Gini’s Coefficient

S.No.	City	School (1-10th)	Higher Secondary Schools	Colleges
01.	SRINAGAR	0.212	0.619	0.752
02.	JAMMU	0.10	0.50	0.84

 

Table 1.6: Population threshold of Amenities given by UDPFI

Name of the City	Public facilities	Population Threshold
Srinagar	Schools	1363
	Hr. Sec. School	16345
	College	120000
Jammu	Schools	1363
	Hr. Sec. School	16345
	College	120000

Source: Master Plan of Srinagar & Jammu City, 2012 

 

Table 1.7: Existing Threshold of Urban Amenities in Srinagar & Jammu city

Urban Amenities	SRINAGAR	JAMMU
	Existing Threshold	Existing Threshold
School	2500	3747
Higher Secondary school	47817	14346
College	127513	55792

 

 

1.5.5 CONCLUSION:

The study on the provision of educational amenity in twin cities of J & K indicate that urban amenities are not evenly distributed among different wards of the cities which leads to various problems like alienation of people towards local government, interpersonal disparities in standards of life and deterioration of city environment. The analysis of the distribution of the selected amenity under study indicates that there is a lead-lag relationship among different wards in terms of the provision of the same. Some wards are more developed in terms of a particular facility while others lag far behind the mean level of development of the cities in terms of that facility. The reasons for the disparity are: (1) The core of the cities being oldest, so had an initial advantage of being the focal point for the establishment of different types of amenities, (2) The lack of a comprehensive urban policy for these cities resulted in the unplanned urban structures which also led to an uneven distribution of various amenities and (3) The peripheral wards being the newer ones are devoid of many amenities as it is difficult to ensure all amenities in an area within a short span of time. The varying degrees of concentration and dispersion of different types of urban amenities indicate that the existing planning efforts could not produce satisfactory results in terms of balanced development of different parts of the cities. Since most of these amenities will be provided by the government, their availability and distribution must be planned carefully. Therefore, participatory approach is needed for ensuring the even distribution of urban amenities in the twin cities of Jammu and Srinagar. The comparative analysis of twin cities of J&K with one Himalayan city (Shimla) and National capital Delhi revealed that among Himalayan cities Jammu has even distribution of educational amenities than Srinagar and Shimla but at the same time all Himalayan cities have inadequate educational facilities than Delhi. The need of the current time is to ensure equitable distribution of educational amenities in twin cities of J&K keeping into consideration the topography and geography of the region.

 

1.5.6 Suggestions:

·      All the wards with inadequate facilities especially Bemina West, Khankhai Mohalla, Bud dal, S.R. Gunj, Syed Ali Akbar, Bemina East, Iddgah, Chattabal, Batamaloo and Maloora of Srinagar city and Janipur west, Keran-I, Keran-II, lower muthi, upper muthi, chak changarwan etc. of Jammu city which figure in the low levels of amenities should be given special attention.

·      More and more civic amenity establishments should be offered to people living far from the city center.

·      The planning body for Srinagar Metropolitan area and Jammu city should fill the existing gaps in the provision of facilities and in future must keep pace with the urban expansion in both time and space.

·      Decentralization of some higher order functions must take place as otherwise this leads to problems like traffic congestion, traffic jams, and pollution etc. in the core of the city.

·      A comprehensive urban policy should be framed for restricting the unprecedented growth of the city in future.

·      All the existing degree Colleges in the cities under study should be upgraded for offering all streams so that students can easily opt for whatever stream they like in the colleges falling near to their residence.

 

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